Wednesday, January 24, 2018

Men and Women, Music and Words


From left: Ginger Costa-Jackson (Dorabella), Craig Verm (Guglielmo), Laura Tatulescu (Despina), Marina Costa-Jackson (Fiordiligi), and Tuomas Katajala (Ferrando), Seattle Opera, Cosi fan tutte 2018 © Philip Newton
By Lucy Caplan
Women cannot be trusted, Don Alfonso tells his impressionable young companions, and your lovers are no exception. Just watch me prove it, he huffsand so the story of Così fan tutte begins. At this moment, settled comfortably in my seat as an audience member, I begin to feel conflicted. I have already been delighted by Mozart’s effervescent music, which has captivated me from the first notes of the overture. But now I am also exasperated by Alfonso’s broadbrush dismissal of all women as inherently untrustworthy, and by Guglielmo and Ferrando’s willingness to deceive the women they love. 

It doesn’t feel right simply to ignore Alfonso’s brazenly sexist sentiments. It also doesn’t feel right to let that frustration negate my enjoyment of the opera’s beauty and charm. So, as the story and the music continue to pull me in different directions, I can’t help but wonder: Is this a misogynistic work of art? If it is, and I love it regardless, what does that say about me? 

I am not the first operagoer to have qualms about Cosi’s portrayals of women, though the reasons behind the criticisms have changed over time. After a moderately successful premiere in Vienna in 1790, the opera only lingered on the margins of the standard repertoire for more than a century. One reason for its infrequent performance was that it scandalized nineteenth-century audiences with its frank depiction of women’s sexuality, particularly Fiordiligi and Dorabella’s infidelity. In response to this criticism, some productions tweaked Cosi’s plot to make it more socially acceptable—transforming Don Alfonso into a sorcerer and Despina into a sprite, for instance, so as to transport the opera into the realm of fantasy. One version abandoned Da Ponte’s libretto entirely, replacing it with a French translation of Love’s Labour’s Lost. These revisions strived for a neat separation between story and sound, which would minimize the women’s “immoral” behavior while preserving the musical beauty. 

In the twentieth century, Cosi finally entered the canon—including in the United States, where it received a longoverdue premiere in 1922. Ironically, the women’s rights movement may have helped make its success possible: the opera’s rise in popularity corresponded with the ascent of first-wave feminism and newly progressive social mores regarding women’s behavior on and off the stage. Today, it is among the world’s most popular operas. 

Ginger Costa-Jackson (Dorabella) and Marina Costa-Jackson (Fiordiligi), Seattle Opera, Così fan tutte 2018, © Philip Newton
As a twenty-first-century listener, I don’t find the opera’s content especially risqué. What disturbs me is how Cosi seems to make light of the male characters’ attitudes toward the women. Guglielmo and Ferrando’s scheme to test their lovers’ fidelity is as cynical as it is absurd. They take pleasure in setting the women up for failure, deceiving the people they claim to love. The women succumb to temptation, seeming to confirm the sexist claim that “all women are like that”; that is, devious and fickle. But nobody onstage ever asks if “all men are like that,” or whether the guys are acting in a devious manner themselves. 

As this all unfolds, a striking mismatch emerges between the libretto and the score, which is heartfelt and tender throughout. Opera is always artificial to some extent—we don’t generally communicate through song or punctuate our daily lives with arias—but Cosi is exceptional in this regard, combining a darkly implausible plot with deeply sincere music. 

As I listen, I wonder if I should let music and plot remain comfortably separate. The loveliness of Mozart’s music makes complacency tempting; it would be easy not to think too much about the piece’s implications in the world outside the opera house. Oriented only by beauty, my moral compass wavers. Maybe yours does, too. Listening to one delightful melody after another puts me at ease; the artistry conceals the ugliness of sexism. But is there something amiss when we admire the opera’s beauty, regardless of what it cloaks? Can we meaningfully separate our listening selves from our broader ideals and beliefs? 

Hanna Hipp (Dorabella) and Marjukka Tepponen (Fiordiligi), Seattle Opera, Così fan tutte 2018, © Philip Newton
These questions are not unique to Cosi. Related issues arise across the standard opera repertoire, from Madame Butterfly’s Orientalism to Otello’s racism to Don Giovanni’s sexual violence. Each work prompts the question of what to do when the world an opera depicts is out of sync with contemporary values. But the music and story intermingle in complicated ways. With Cosi, the contrast between a superficial storyline and musical depth actually heightens the potential for complexity. Mozart’s music invites me to come closer, to listen more intently. When I do that, I find that I grapple with this opera’s sexism—beyond simply noting its presence—and I see new nuances in the characters and new relationships between the opera and our own time. 

Take the relationship between Fiordiligi and Ferrando, for instance. When Fiordiligi sings the majestic aria “Come scoglio,” her expansive vocal range conveys the depth of her convictions; no one could mistake this music as insincere. Another way to say this might be that while the male characters are having fun at the expense of the women, the music is not. Later, she reluctantly capitulates to Ferrando’s advances (“Yield, my dearest!”…“Cruel man, you’ve won! Do with me what you will”). The moment feels eerily resonant with the stories that have dominated the news lately—accounts of powerful men, from actors to politicians, who take advantage of vulnerable women. Against this contemporary backdrop, my response isn’t to tsk-tsk Fiordiligi for her unfaithfulness. I’m infuriated by Ferrando’s cruelty and Fiordiligi’s inability to escape it. Listening in this way makes me wonder if the claim “Così fan tutte” is anything more than a cynical provocation. When Alfonso, Ferrando, and Guglielmo sing it near the opera’s end, enclosed in boldly stated chords, they certainly try to make it sound definitive, but I don’t have to accept it as such. 
Modern stagings and interpretations, like this one, bring all sorts of creative possibilities to the fore. They allow the opera itself to try on disguises, as it were, to experiment with different facets of its identity. This production, set in contemporary Seattle, embraces Cosi’s obsession with creativity and costumes; comical touches show us how even the men who think they’re all-powerful end up looking a bit ridiculous. 

Ultimately, one of Cosi’s signature revelations is that what seem like fundamental splits—between men and women, music and words, art and audience, the world outside the opera house and the world within it—are never as absolute as they appear. Art and artifice may distance us temporarily from outside realities, but they don’t make those realities disappear. So I want to resist both the temptation to excuse Cosi’s sexism in the name of art and the temptation to let that sexism ruin an opera that I otherwise love. Instead, I’ll embrace the opera’s ability to do what all great works of art do: to bridge the divide between its world and our own, revealing something profound in the process. 

Lucy Caplan is a Ph.D. candidate at Yale University, where she is writing a dissertation on African American opera in the early twentieth century. She is the recipient of the 2016 Rubin Prize for Music Criticism. 

Così fan tutte plays at McCaw Hall through January 27. Tickets and information at seattleopera.org/cosi

26 comments:

  1. SPEAKING FROM EXPERIENCE WITH GOOD RESULT TO TESTIFY ABOUT

    I am Monica David from Ontario Canada, i want to testify about the good service of Dr. Ugo Wonders living in USA for helping me bring back my fiancee who left me because of a prostitute. it was a terrible and depressing time when my fiancee whom we were supposed to be married in two months cancelled our wedding because of a prostitute who cast a spell on him and stole him away. i was searching for help online when i saw a review about Dr. Ugo of General Spell Temple, i then contacted him for help. I followed all his instruction accordingly as he assured and guaranteed me that my Fiancee will be back in 48 hours, to my greatest surprise in exactly two days after the spell was cast, my Fiance called me and started to apologize for leaving me because of another lady. i waited for two months in which we are now married before i could testify and right now, we are one happy family and its going to remain like this for ever.. all thanks to Dr. Ugo Wonders of General Spell Temple. you can contact Dr. Ugo for any relationship problem through his direct email
    generalspelltemple@gmail.com or call him directly on +1 386-336-9876

    website:http://generalspelltempleblog.wordpress.com

    ReplyDelete
  2. I am subbitming this here today to tell everyone one that your broken marriage and how you will get back your ex lover,can be restored with the help of this great man DR. TRUST, I will start by saying to all that have experience heart break and also can't do without their lover should please stop here and read up my story, So as you will know how to go solving or getting your ex back...Am writing this article to appreciate the good work of Dr Trust that helped me recently to bring back my husband. My husband broke up with me last three month becaause he thought i was cheating on him, so for the past three month now i have trying to plead with him but he still say the same thing that he does not want us to come back again that he can not trust me so i came in contact with Dr Trust, who told me that my husband is going to come back to me if i work with him,so i did what he ask me to do. My husband is back home now and we are joyfully living together as one good family and i thank the powerful spell caster Dr Trust He is so powerful and i decided to share my story on the internet that good spell casters still exist and Dr.Trust is one of the good spell caster who i will always pray to live long to help his children in the time of trouble My husband now love me more than before i am so happy. If you need a spell caster that can cast a spell that truly works fast, I suggest you contact him (Drbalogungreatspelltemple@gmail.com)or
    call him +2347064627888 you can also view his blog Drbalogungreatspelltemple.blogspot.com

    ReplyDelete
  3. I looked forward to be a whole family again with a love spell, I actually got tired of living a depressing life. I was so unlucky that my husband fell out of love with me; he keeps threatening me with divorce paper almost everyday. But all I wanted in our home are positive thinking, love and happiness all the time. I wanted us to be good parent to our kids. When Dr. Wakina stepped in with his helping hands via dr.wakinalovetemple@gmail.com I began to feel lighter on the inside, I stopped having that heavy feeling on my chest during the process of the love spell. Two days after, my husband started exhibiting some positive character. He confessed that he was thinking of me more recently even when he was with his girlfriend. I was overwhelmed when he came to me and apologized for every wrong he has done to me, I also apologized to him as well.  Dr. I just want to say thanks for the patience and kindness shown to me during the whole spell process. My husband and I has been living happily after the love spell, none of his exs ever comeback.

    ReplyDelete
  4. The problem is that I have been focusing on the negative part of marriage, not speaking to anyone about my failed marriage and pretending everything is okay by putting up fake smiles. My husband transformed into a beast, cheater and abuser. It was unbearable to see a man who once vowed to shield us as family transfer aggression to me and the kids, pushing us hard to the wall.
    But there is time, reason and season for everything either good or bad. I ran to Dr. Wakina for salvation which I eventually achieved through his extra ordinary spell. Our differences were settled and every heart wounds healed within 2weeks. I am grateful my husband transformed again to an angel which he has always been. Thanks to our redeemer (dr.wakinalovetemple@gmail.com) Dr. Wakina Love Temple.

    ReplyDelete
  5. I grew up with a distorted self-esteem which eventually stood in mine and my husband’s way for years. He gladly picked it up and used it to his advantage. Only a person that has endured marital affair will understand how hard it was to cope with his unfaithful behavior that pierced a dagger through my heart and slowly pulled it back out.
    Years after going to a hypnotist and so many therapists to see if that would help, dr. wakina at dr.wakinalovetemple@gmail.com demonstrated his competence as one gentleman who rendered the help I needed in four days. His abilities made me realize that I have been wasting my precious time undergoing therapy and coming out feeling no difference for a situation that can only be solved spiritually.
    My wait on the day in which he holds me in his arms again was over after an authentic love spell that sanitized my marriage for good and boosted my self-esteem.

    ReplyDelete
  6. 1) Dr. Wakina is an uncelebrated hero that can restore peace to a broken heart through his well refined and harmless love spell, his spell can bring back a lost lover or rebuild a broken marriage within days.
    2) He trained himself spiritually to respect and protect the values of victimized people by helping them face/defeat their obstacles in his best capacity.
    3) Doc is generous in spirit; he gives back his spiritual talent to the public as much as possible as a selfless man he is.
    4) His main purpose is to save hearts and rebuild a relationship/marriage.
    My name is Lindsay Cullen; my marriage was among the many that was rebuilt by this wonder working king of spell through: dr.wakinalovetemple@gmail.com
    I decided to share to share this after studying and learning from him during the whole love spell process. He is indeed a man to trust.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Email Dr Sambo for real love spell: divinespellhome@gmail.com

    Hello viewers, I living in South Africa My name is Charlotte Keagan I am very happy to share this amazing testimony, i was hurt and heart broken when my husband left me with our two children, i was confused and didn't know what to do, i loved him so much, i tried all i could to bring him back but to no avail, on one faithfully day as i was coming from work i met a friend of mine whom i explain my problem to, and she told me of a spell caster called "Dr Sambo" whom also make her pregnant when she was looking for a child, i contacted the spell caster through the email she gave to me, and the spell caster told me what to do and i did exactly as i was told, to my grates surprise, my husband who has not called me for a very long time, called me and start apologizing for all the wrongs he did to me, and now he loved me more than ever before, brothers and sisters if you are passing through any kind problem contact him and i give you 100% guarantee that he will solve your problems. this is his contacts divinespellhome@gmail.com or divinespellhome@yahoo.com contact him on his whatsapp mobile line +2348145810121

    ReplyDelete
  8. Email Dr Sambo for real love spell: divinespellhome@gmail.com

    Hello viewers, I living in South Africa My name is Charlotte Keagan I am very happy to share this amazing testimony, i was hurt and heart broken when my husband left me with our two children, i was confused and didn't know what to do, i loved him so much, i tried all i could to bring him back but to no avail, on one faithfully day as i was coming from work i met a friend of mine whom i explain my problem to, and she told me of a spell caster called "Dr Sambo" whom also make her pregnant when she was looking for a child, i contacted the spell caster through the email she gave to me, and the spell caster told me what to do and i did exactly as i was told, to my grates surprise, my husband who has not called me for a very long time, called me and start apologizing for all the wrongs he did to me, and now he loved me more than ever before, brothers and sisters if you are passing through any kind problem contact him and i give you 100% guarantee that he will solve your problems. this is his contacts divinespellhome@gmail.com or divinespellhome@yahoo.com contact him on his whatsapp mobile line +2348145810121

    ReplyDelete
  9. Hello,

    I'm Dr Ogudugu a real and genuine spell caster with years of experience in spell casting and an expert in all spells, i specialize exclusively in LOVE SPELL/GET YOUR EX LOVER BACK, FRUIT OF THE WOMB SPELL, HIV CURE SPELL, BECOMING A MERMAID SPELL, BECOMING A VAMPIRE SPELL, SAVE CHILD BIRTH SPELL. If you have any problem and you need a real and genuine spell caster to solve your problems, contact me now through my personal Email Address...Note-you can also Call and WhatsApp.

    Contact me -
    Email: greatogudugu@gmail.com
    Phone No: +2348139793075
    WhatsApp No: +2348139793075

    ReplyDelete
  10. Hi everybody!
    Does your phone have new and attractive ring tones? Today I will share with you the best ringtone by 2018. Hot Ringtones. Ringtones are attractive. You can find and view instructions for setting up phone ringtones here: https://ringtonedownload.in/

    These are the five most downloaded ringtones in 2018:

    - Mere Dil Ko Tere Dil Ki Zarurat Hai ringtone download
    - Let Me Love You ringtone download

    ReplyDelete
  11. Get your lover back urgent effective love spell to win and get ex boyfriend back my advise reveal you all to contact Dr Ogudugu for a genuine love spell on greatogudugu@gmail.com that work fast. here is my relationship story, i'm MaryJane born in Williamsburg,Virginia Usa..my boyfriend told me it was over and walk away without any reasons, I was confuse and didn't know what to do. I was desperate, I want him back, I went over the internet looking for ways to get my boyfriend back. I read about many different ways of how to get ex back, but Dr Ogudugu caught my attention. I immediately contacted him and explained my problem to him. It was amazing and surprising that 11hrs after the urgent love spell was cast, my boyfriend called me and was begging me to forgive him and accept him back, Couldn't believe, but later after he came to my house and fell on his knees asking me to take him back am so happy that my love is back again. I am testifying on this forum just to let people know that Dr Ogudugu is real and genuine. don't hesitate to try him out. thank you Dr Ogudugu you are truly talented and gifted genuine spell caster. Contact him now if you need your girlfriend/boyfriend back or your girlfriend moved on to another man, do not cry anymore .. Dr Ogudugu is here to help out in relationship problem coz problem share is problem solve:
    Email him at.... greatogudugu@gmail.com
    whatsapp...+27663492930

    ReplyDelete
  12. Just like two love birds, always jealous of a third bird in there mist, no woman will watch her home separated. I'm Claire Neill, from Finland, happily married, blessed with three(3) kids and all thanks to our creator for blessing me with a husband who's always there for me when I'm down. My marriage life is always my pride because I'm at ease, without distress. I'm a submissive wife to my husband, not withholding all i have, to always see him happy and my kids too. We've been married for 23 years and we both never for once exchange abusive words on ourselves. It got to my notice, my husband starts spending time with his secretary, at first i taught it was just a mere outing not until I saw it clearly with my eyes, my husband and his secretary on our matrimonial bed. I felt like committing nuder because i never expected such behavior from my husband. I trusted him so much with all my heart, I've always wanted the best for him just same way he would for me. I went out in search of help for myself to enable have my husband back. I consulted from all perspective, books, teachers, guidance and from friends. I spoke with my friend about it, she asked me to meet her at her home, I drove down to her apartment and we spoke about it. She asked me to be worried that at a certain time, she once has similar issue with her husband and she got recommended to DR ODINANI OWELLE. Wow, I don't have an idea about who this DR ODINANI OWELLE was not until i wrote him (DR ODINANI OWELLE), I explained myself clearly to him. He gave me his response that my husband was under a spell with his secretary and I should consider myself glad to write to him (DR ODINANI). My heart felt a little happy but yet my husband isn't back. DR ODINANI OWELLE responded to me, clarifying me that my husband will definitely return back to me in four days time. I kept the excitement inside of me, awaiting for it to fulfill. Just as DR ODINANI OWELLE gave me his words, on the fourth day, my husband met me at the garden, on his kneels and tears from his eyes. My heart felt pity for him because i trusted hims so much. My husband told me he never meant any of his deeds, he never knew what came on him to have made him so low to his secretary deeds. I lifted him up, kissed him, said to him that I love him and I'll always continue to love him till death do us apart. All thanks to God Almighty who gave me a good friend, able to help me to reach to DR ODINANI OWELLE for his good deeds. To all married couples out there, what are you thinking of? Take your problems to DR ODINANI OWELLE and don't feel to proud not to tell him your difficulties. Once again, thanks to DR ODINANI OWELLE (odinanisolutioncentre1@gmail.com or you can go to hes Blogger drodinanisolutioncentre.blogspot.com

    ReplyDelete
  13. My name is Jane Loduca from Dutch. I love staking huge money on lotto so i could be a boss lady but yet i kept on losing. My mind set was always on a positive side of it, I always want my dream to come to pass but without becoming a winner in it, it all crumbled. I read on several books on how to become a lotto winner, following every procedures but yet it just look like pouring water on rock. I felt like giving up not until i searched over and over again and i came across DR ODINANI OWELLE who helped me achieved my dreams and today i have no regret of been a lotto player. I wrote to DR ODINANI OWELLE through his email odinanisolutioncentre1@gmail.com), he gave listening ears to me and he wrote back, giving me six (6) lucky numbers to stake on. Just still on my usual skating abilities, i've always staked with huge amount of money and i staked again. I didn't get it all until the lotto result came out and the six (6) lucky numbers giving to me by DR ODINANI OWELLE was there too. I was overwhelmed and immediately i was credited. To all lotto players out there who felt its over, please don't waist your time anymore. Contact DR ODINANI OWELLE to give you lucky lotto numbers (odinanisolutioncentre1@gmail.com)

    ReplyDelete
  14. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  15. hello, i like you like music when you practice sports, i often choose the songs i like best and play, especially one more thing i have created a ringtone every time there is a call, then i can run and know someone is calling with my favorite ringtone. This is where I choose my training ringtones,toque de celular this is where I trust and want to introduce you.
    Some of the best ringtones of all time for you to choose:
    Baixar toque nextel => https://toqueparacelular.net/baixar-toques-nextel
    Hino do gremio para celular => https://toqueparacelular.net/baixar-toques-hino-do-gremio
    Despacito baixar => https://toqueparacelular.net/baixar-toques-despacito-marimba
    Toques de animais para celular => https://toqueparacelular.net/animais
    Baixar toque do iphone 7 => https://toqueparacelular.net/baixar-toques-iphone-7-iphone-7-plus
    Thank you for listening to me, hoping for your health and entertainment when using ringtones.

    ReplyDelete


  16. Hi Viewers Get your Blank ATM card that works in all ATM machines all over the world.. We have specially programmed ATM cards that can be used to hack ATM machines, the ATM cards can be used to withdraw at the ATM or swipe, at stores and POS. We sell this cards to all interested buyers worldwide, the card has a daily withdrawal limit of €10,000 on ATM and up to €30,000 spending limit in stores depending on the kind of card you order for, we are here for you anytime, any day. Email; (blankatm156@gmail.com) I'm grateful to Marcell because he changed my story all of a sudden . The card works in all countries except, contact him now (blankatm156@gmail.com )

    ReplyDelete
  17. My life was destroyed when my husband sent me packing, after 13 years we have been together. I was lost and helpless after trying so many ways to my husband back to me. One day at work, I was distracted, not knowing that my boss called me, so he sat and asked me what it was all about, I told him and he smiled and said it was no problem. I never understood what he meant by it was no problem getting back my husband, he said he used a spell to get back his wife when she left him for another man, and now they are together till date and initially I was shocked hearing something from my boss. He gave me an email address of the LORD NOBEL which helped him get his wife back, I never believed that this would work, but I had no choice coming into contact with the sayings that I get done, and he asked for my information and that my husband was able to propose to throw him the spell and I sent him the details, but after two days, my mother called me that my husband was pleading that he wants me back, I never believed, because it was just a dream and I had to rush off to my mother's place and to my greatest surprise, was kneeling my husband beg me for forgiveness that he wants me and the child back home, when I gave LORD NOBEL a conversation regarding sudden change of my husband and he made clear to me that my husband will love me until the end of the world, that he will never leave for another woman. Now me and my husband is back together and started doing funny things he has not done before, he makes me happy and do what it is supposed to do as a man without nagging. Please if you need help of any kind need, please contact LORD NOBEL for help. His email is lordnoblespellcaster@hotmail.com or lordnoblespellcaster@gmail.com or you can call or whatspp him on this number + 1(817)755-0129

    ReplyDelete
  18. HOW I GOT MY EX HUSBAND BACK WITH THE HELP OF REAL AND EFFECTIVE SPELL FROM DR Osasu My name is Olivia Jayden, I never thought I will smile again, My husband left me with two kids for one year, All effort to bring him back failed I thought I'm not going to see him again not until I met a lady called Jesse who told me about a spell caster called Dr. Osasu , She gave me his email address and mobile number and I contacted him and he assured me that within 48hours my husband will come back to me, In less than 48hours my husband came back started begging for forgiveness saying it is the devils work, so I'm still surprise till now about this miracle,i couldn't conceive but as soon as the spell was cast,i became pregnant and gave birth to my third child,if you need any assistance from him you can contact him via:email: drosasu25@gmail.com Or WhatsApp or call him now: +2347064365391
    .
    Dr.Osasu also cures:
    1. HIV / AIDS
    2. HERPES 1/2
    3. CANCER
    4. ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease)
    5. Hepatitis B​

    ReplyDelete
  19. Love is beautiful when you have someone to share it with. 💝💝 Dr. Ekpen ogiogun is a very genuine spellcaster and a very unique and powerful man of wisdom. I couldn't get pregnant because I had fertility problems. My husband divorced me. I was so worried and always crying and I was even thinking of killing myself, but a friend of mine introduced me to a big man named Dr. Ekpen ogiogun who also helped her with her problems. She gave me her email and I contacted her and explained everything. He assured me that he would help me and I should not worry. Dr. Ekpen ogiogun brought joy to my life and my family again by bringing my husband with his spiritual powers, by making me pregnant, by curing my sister's cancer disease, by also curing my cousin's HIV virus with her special powers, and he also made my step brother win a $ 2 million lottery. Dr. Ekpen is really a talented, amazing and very good man who really knows how to do his job better and, if not for him, what would my life be like? Dr. Ekpen ogiogun, thank you very much and I will never stop talking about his amazing work. Words cannot express how much he has done for me and my family and I believe even a reliable N, so contact him now ... ekpenogiogunspellcaster@gmail.com and get your solution. You can also reach him at his WhatsApp number +2348108933275

    Thank you Dr. .... ekpenogiogunspellcaster@gmail.com Tsetified by Bridget Helen.

    ReplyDelete
  20. I can't believe that just with a phone call i made to Dr.love, I got my ex back to me within 48 hours interval. I had read some stuff about Dr.love before i called him but i didn't know that all those stuff were so accurate until i got my ex back, After getting my ex back i taught it wise to share my testimony with every one on this website that Dr.love is a real and powerful spell caster that rebuild any broken relationship or marriage with love spell. Do feel free to Contact Dr.love via Call or What-App +2347010538590. or email: ( drlovetemple@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  21. I got my already programmed and blanked ATM card to withdraw the maximum of $1,000 daily for a maximum of 20 days. I am so happy about this because i got mine last week and I have used it to get $20,000. Mike Fisher Hackers is giving out the card just to help the poor and needy though it is illegal but it is something nice and he is not like other scam pretending to have the blank ATM cards. And no one gets caught when using the card. get yours from Mike Fisher Hackers today! *email: blankatm002@gmail.com you can also call or whatsapp us Contact us today for more enlightenment +1(301) 329-5298

    ReplyDelete
  22. Mobile phone ringtones are the sounds of ringtones that have more than 1 million downloads and downloads each day. ringtone 2020 has just been updated and offers the best mobile device in the world from here: https://klingeltonekostenlos.com

    ReplyDelete
  23. My ex-boyfriend dumped me one week ago after I accused him of seeing someone else and insulting him. I want him back in my life but he refuse to have any contact with me. I was so confuse and don't know what to do, so I reach to the Internet for help and I saw a testimony of how a spell caster help them to get their ex back so I contact the spell caster and explain my problem to him and he cast a spell for me and assure me of 2 days that my ex will return to me and to my greatest surprise the third day my ex came knocking on my door and beg for forgiveness. I am so happy that my love is back again and not only that, we are about to get married. Once again thank you Dr Ojoka. You are truly talented and gifted. Email; dr.ojokspelltemple@gmail.com or Whats App +2348144172934 is the only answer. He can be of great help and I will not stop publishing him because he is a wonderful man  

    ReplyDelete
  24. HELLO EVERYONE.. FEW MUNINETS TO REDY THIS INFOR ON HERPES CURE 2018..
    2017 MY MOTHER WAS DIAGNOSED OF HERPES/ KNOWN AS GENITAL WARTS ,I SPENT A LOT OF MONEY ON HER MEDICATION TILL A POINT I EVEN LOST HOPE,BECAUSE MY MOTHER WAS GRADUALLY DYING AND LOST HER MEMORY TOO, I WAS SO DESPERATE TO GET MY MOTHER BACK TO NORMAL, ONE DAY MY UNCLE WHO LIVES IN LONDON UNITED KINGDOM TOLD ME ABOUT DR OLIHA ,WHO HELPED HIM GET RID OF HERPES /GENITAL WART WITH HERBAL MEDICINE AND HIS HERBAL SOAP ,I WAS SO SHOCKED WHEN HE TOLD ME ABOUT THIS ,ALTHOUGH I NEVER BELIEVE IN HERB BUT, I KEEP TO BELIEVE BECAUSE MY UNCLE CAN'T TELL ME LIES WHEN IT COMES TO HEALTH CONDITION I CONTACTED DR OLIHA VIA HIS EMAIL; OLIHA.MIRACLEMEDICINE@GMAIL.COM , YOU CAN TALK TO HIM VIA CALL OR WHATSAPP MESSENGER ON +2349038382931 , HE REPLIED AND ASK ME TO SEND MY HOME ADDRESS AND MY MOTHER'S DETAIL AND THEN I PURCHASED THE HERBAL MEDICINE,SENT ME THE HERBAL MEDICINE THROUGH COURIER SERVICE, WHEN I RECEIVED THIS HERBAL MEDICINE USED IT FOR 2 WEEKS, AND 4 DAYS OF USAGE THE WARTS FELL OFF, MY MOTHER I NOW TOTALLY CURED AND MY MOTHER IS LIVING FREE AND HAPPY AGAIN. YOU CAN TALK TO DR VIA HIS MOBILE NUMBER OR WHATS APP HIM ON +2349038382931.ALL THANKS TO DOCTOR DR OLIHA  

    ReplyDelete

  25. I'm so excited my broken Marriage has been restored my ex husband is back after he left me and our 2kids for another woman. i was so happy to met Dr. ben how he help many people to bring there Lover back so i contact him to help me too. that was how Dr. ben help me to bring my husband back.. A big thank to you Dr. ben because I never thought my ex Husband will be back to me so quickly with your spell. You are the best and world greatest. if you are here and you need your Ex Lover back or your husband moved to another woman, do not cry anymore, contact this powerful spell caster now. Here’s his contact:
    Email him at: drbenspellcaster@gmail.com You can also Call/WhatsApp:+2348151642717.

    ReplyDelete